learning - Blog - The Philosophy Of Freedom Steiner2024-03-28T16:56:00Zhttps://philosophyoffreedom.com/profiles/blog/feed/tag/learningComparative Research As A Method Of Learninghttps://philosophyoffreedom.com/profiles/blog/comparative-research-as-a-method-of-learning2015-09-19T22:10:51.000Z2015-09-19T22:10:51.000ZTom Lasthttps://philosophyoffreedom.com/members/00yzc179qgdki<div><p><strong>Science of freedom</strong><br />
Rudolf Steiner declared, “What is needed is a science of freedom”. His Philosophy Of Freedom (POF), written using the scientific method of introspective observation, is supposed to be empirical science. The problem is that in its book form it is difficult to work with.<br />
<br />
<strong>Comparative research</strong><br />
Comparative research is a research methodology used mainly in the social sciences to make comparisons across different countries or cultures. A comparative research approach may work to sort out the POF, bringing to light its scientific basis and making Steiner's case for freedom. Most important it is a method accessible to anyone who wants to make the effort and it would surely change lives.</p>
<p>Steiner uses a comparative approach throughout the POF. In the Introduction "outer truth" is compared to "inner truth", in Chapter 1 it is "freedom" compared to "necessity". Rather than trying to learn abstract concepts, a student can compare two possible experiences from a similar situation. This makes for very effective experiential learning. It lets the student make up their own mind without the need of trying to convince anybody of anything.</p>
<p><strong>Use of comparative research in the study of The Philosophy Of Freedom</strong><br />
The use of comparative research in the study of the Philosophy Of Freedom draws on introspective research and descriptive research in making the comparison. Below is a chart showing the comparisons made in the Introduction to the Philosophy Of Freedom.<br />
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<span style="color: #993300;"><span style="color: #000000;">revised 9/26/2015</span></span><strong><span style="color: #993300;"><br /></span></strong></p>
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<p style="text-align: center;"><strong><br />
<span class="font-size-4" data-mce-mark="1">Compare the Experience of Outer Truth with that of Inner Truth</span><br /></strong> <span class="font-size-4" data-mce-mark="1">Chapter 0 The Goal Of Knowledge</span></p>
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<p style="text-align: center;">  <strong>Aspect</strong></p>
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<p style="text-align: center;"><strong>Observed state of things</strong></p>
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<p><strong>The Philosophy Of Freedom,<br />
 <a href="http://philosophyoffreedom.com/hoernle-translation-1916#c1" target="_blank">Chapter 0</a></strong><br />
<span class="font-size-5" style="color: #ffffff;" data-mce-mark="1">The Goal Of Knowledge</span></p>
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<p><strong><br />
 Case 1</strong><br />
<strong> EXPERIENCE OF<br />
<br />
<span class="font-size-5" style="color: #ffffff;" data-mce-mark="1"> <span class="font-size-7" data-mce-mark="1">OUTER  TRUTH</span></span></strong></p>
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<p><strong><br />
 Case 2</strong><br />
<strong> EXPERIENCE OF<br />
<br />
<span class="font-size-7" style="color: #ffffff;" data-mce-mark="1"> INNER<br />
 TRUTH</span></strong></p>
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<p style="text-align: left;"><strong> 0.0 Human interest</strong></p>
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<p>I believe I am indicating correctly one of the fundamental characteristics of our age when I say that, at the present day, all human interests tend to center in a culture of human individuality.</p>
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<p><strong>Conformity</strong><br />
Accept authority<br />
Follow your hero<br />
Something noble and worthy in some<br />
Strive to conform<br />
Strive for perfection of whole<br />
Do what others do<br />
Create according to rules and norms</p>
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<p><strong>Individuality</strong><br />
Shake off authority<br />
Follow own path<br />
Something noble and worthy in all<br />
Reject conformity<br />
Strive for perfection of each person<br />
Do what only you can uniquely do<br />
Create to express unique individuality</p>
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<p> <strong>Analysis</strong></p>
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<p>No better expression for these phenomena can be found than this, that they result from the individual’s striving towards freedom.</p>
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<p style="text-align: left;"><strong> 0.1 Search for truth</strong></p>
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<p style="text-align: left;">There are two well known paths to truth; in the life outside and around us and in the heart within.</p>
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<p style="text-align: left;"><strong><span style="color: #ffffff;" data-mce-mark="1"> </span></strong></p>
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<p style="text-align: left;"><strong>Outer truth</strong><br />
Search for truth in outer life.</p>
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<p style="text-align: left;"><strong>Inner truth</strong><br />
Search for truth in the depths of human nature.</p>
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<p style="text-align: left;"><strong> Analysis</strong></p>
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<p>Of the two paths, the search for inner truth is preferred today.</p>
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<p style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: #000000;" data-mce-mark="1"><strong><span style="color: #000000;" data-mce-mark="1"><strong> 0.2 Truth empowers</strong></span></strong></span></p>
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<p>What gives us the confidence to accomplish creative activity?</p>
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<p style="text-align: left;"><strong>Uncertainty of outer truth<br /></strong> Truth that comes to us from outside always bears the stamp of uncertainty.</p>
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<p style="text-align: left;"><strong>Conviction of inner truth <br /></strong> Only truth that appears within ourselves will convince us. Only truth can give us confidence in developing our individual powers.</p>
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<p>Whoever is tormented by doubts finds his powers weakened. If we are baffled by a world full of riddles, we can find no goal for our creative activity.</p>
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<td style="border: 1px solid #000000; width: 135px; background-color: #87ceeb;"><strong> 0.3 Understandable truth</strong></td>
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<p>We no longer want to believe; we want to know.</p>
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<p><strong> <span style="color: #ffffff;" data-mce-mark="1"><br /></span></strong></p>
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<p style="text-align: left;"><strong>Belief<br /></strong> Belief demands the acceptance of truths without having the insight to fully understand.</p>
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<p style="text-align: left;"><strong>Knowing<br /></strong> What is not clearly understood goes against what is individual in us, that wants to experience everything in its deepest inner core.</p>
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<p> <strong>Analysis</strong></p>
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<p>The only knowing that satisfies us is the kind that submits to no external standard, but springs from a person's own inner life.</p>
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<p><strong><strong><span data-mce-mark="1"> 0.4 Advance in<br />
knowledge</span></strong></strong></p>
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<p></p>
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<p><strong><span style="color: #ffffff;" data-mce-mark="1"> </span></strong></p>
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<p style="text-align: left;"><strong>Stored academic facts<br /></strong> Knowledge that has been formulated in rigid academic rules, and stored away as valid for all time.</p>
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<p style="text-align: left;"><strong>Facts of own experience<br /></strong> Each of us claims the right to start from the facts we know, from our personal experience, and from there advance to knowledge of the whole universe.</p>
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<p><strong> Analysis</strong></p>
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<p>We strive for certainty in knowledge, but each in his or her own way.</p>
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<p><span style="color: #000000;" data-mce-mark="1"><strong><strong> 0.5 Education</strong></strong></span></p>
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<p style="text-align: left;"><span data-mce-mark="1">The teachings of science should not be presented in a form that implies its acceptance is compulsory.</span></p>
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<p><strong> </strong></p>
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<p style="text-align: left;"><strong>Cram facts into students<br /></strong> Give a scientific work a title like: <em>“The True Nature of Philosophy An Attempt to Compel the Reader to Understand.”</em> Everyone should be compelled to understand. Compel the student to learn by cramming facts of knowledge.</p>
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<p style="text-align: left;"><strong>Cultivate the desire to know</strong><br />
Cultivate the desire to know by developing the students capacities. We demand neither acceptance nor agreement from those who are not moved to a certain view by their own particular, individual needs. We do not want to cram facts of knowledge into even an immature human being, a child.</p>
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<p><strong> Analysis</strong></p>
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<p>We try to develop the child’s capacities in such a way that the child no longer needs to be compelled to understand, but wants to understand.</p>
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<p><strong><strong> 0.6 One's attitude toward knowledge</strong></strong></p>
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<p>I am under no illusion concerning the characteristics of the present time.</p>
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<p><span style="color: #ffffff;" data-mce-mark="1"><strong> </strong></span></p>
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<p style="text-align: left;"><strong>Stereotypical attitude</strong><br />
There is a widespread stereotypical attitude toward knowledge that lacks any individuality.</p>
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<p style="text-align: left;"><strong>Apply individualistic principles<br /></strong> Many also strive to orient their lives in the direction of the principles indicated in The Philosophy Of Freedom. To them I would dedicate this book.</p>
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<p><span style="color: #000000;" data-mce-mark="1"><strong><strong> Analysis</strong></strong></span></p>
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<p>The Philosophy Of Freedom is not meant to be the "only possible" way to Truth, but is meant to describe the path taken by one for whom truth is central (Rudolf Steiner).</p>
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<p><strong><span style="color: #000000;"> 7. P</span>reparation for science</strong></p>
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<p><span>The Philosophy Of Freedom</span> at first leads the reader into more abstract regions, where thought must have sharp outlines if it is to reach clearly defined positions. But the reader is also led out of these arid concepts into concrete life.</p>
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<p><span style="color: #ffffff;" data-mce-mark="1"><strong> </strong></span></p>
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<p style="text-align: left;"><strong>Sensual pleasure<br /></strong> Whoever appreciates only the pleasures of the senses misses the sweetest enjoyments of life. Oriental sages make their disciples live a life of resignation and asceticism for years before imparting their own wisdom to them.</p>
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<p style="text-align: left;"><strong>Joy of pure thought<br /></strong> The Western world no longer demands pious exercises and ascetic practices as a preparation for science, but it does require a sincere willingness to withdraw oneself awhile from the immediate impressions of life and enter the realm of pure thought.</p>
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<p><span style="color: #ffffff;" data-mce-mark="1"><strong><strong><strong> <span style="color: #000000;" data-mce-mark="1">Analysis</span></strong></strong></strong></span></p>
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<p>I am fully convinced that if existence is to be experienced in all its aspects, one must raise oneself up into the realm of concepts.</p>
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<p><span style="color: #000000;" data-mce-mark="1"><strong><strong> 0.8 Scientific study of life</strong></strong></span></p>
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<p>There are many realms of life and for each of them specific sciences develop. But life itself is one, and the more deeply the sciences are immersed in their separate fields, the more they distance themselves from viewing the world as a living whole. There must be a kind of knowing that seeks in the separate sciences the principles that leads to the fullness of life once more.</p>
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<p><span style="color: #ffffff;" data-mce-mark="1"><strong> </strong></span></p>
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<p style="text-align: left;"><strong>Science</strong><br />
The aim of the scientific specialist is to become aware of the world and gain insight into how it works. The aim of this book is philosophical: science itself is to be instilled with the life of an organic whole. The various branches of science are preparatory stages on the way to this wholistic science.<br />
<strong>Art</strong><br />
<span data-mce-mark="1">A similar relationship governs the arts. The composer's work is based on the theory of composition. This theory is an accumulation of principles that one has to know in order to compose. In composing, the rules of theory serve life itself, that is, it serves true reality. In exactly the same sense philosophy is an art. </span></p>
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<p><strong>Philosophy</strong><br />
All genuine philosophers have been artists in the conceptual realm. Human ideas become their artistic materials and scientific method their artistic technique. Abstract thinking takes on concrete individual life. Ideas turn into life-forces. Then we do not merely have knowledge about things, but have made knowledge into an actual self-governing organism ruled by its own laws.</p>
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<p><span style="color: #ffffff;" data-mce-mark="1"><strong><strong><strong><strong><span data-mce-mark="1"> <span style="color: #000000;">Analysis</span></span></strong></strong></strong></strong></span></p>
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<p>Our consciousness, alive and active, has lifted itself beyond a mere passive reception of truths.</p>
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<p><span style="color: #000000;" data-mce-mark="1"><strong><strong> 0.9 Science of freedom</strong></strong></span></p>
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<p style="text-align: left;">The questions examined in The <span>Philosophy Of Freedom</span>.</p>
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<p><span style="color: #ffffff;" data-mce-mark="1"><strong><span style="color: #ffffff;" data-mce-mark="1"> </span></strong></span></p>
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<p style="text-align: left;"><strong><span style="color: #000000;">Book questions<br /></span></strong> The main theme of my <span>Philosophy Of Freedom</span> concerns these questions: How philosophy, as an art, is related to freedom; what freedom is; and whether we do, or can, participate in it.</p>
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<p style="text-align: left;"><strong>Science of freedom<br /></strong> All other scientific discussions are included only because they ultimately throw light on this question.</p>
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<p><span style="color: #ffffff;" data-mce-mark="1"><strong><span style="color: #ffffff;" data-mce-mark="1"><strong><strong><strong><strong><span style="color: #ffffff;" data-mce-mark="1"><span style="color: #ffffff;" data-mce-mark="1"> <span style="color: #000000;">Analysis</span></span></span></strong></strong></strong></strong></span></strong></span></p>
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<p>In my view, the question of freedom is the most immediate concern of the human being. These pages offer a "Philosophy of Freedom".</p>
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<p><span style="color: #000000;"><strong> 0.10 Value of science</strong></span></p>
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<p>What is the value of science?</p>
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<p></p>
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<p style="text-align: left;"><strong><strong>Idle curiosity<br /></strong></strong> All science would be nothing but the satisfaction of idle curiosity, if it did not strive to elevate the value of existence for the human personality.</p>
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<p style="text-align: left;"><strong><strong>Results for humanity<br /></strong></strong> The true value of the sciences is seen only when we have shown the importance of their results for humanity. The ultimate goal of the individuality cannot be the cultivation of any single faculty, but only the development of all capacities dormant within us.</p>
<p style="text-align: left;"></p>
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<p><span style="color: #000000;"><strong> Analysis</strong></span></p>
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<p>Knowledge has value only in so far as it contributes to the all-around development of the whole of human nature.</p>
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<p><strong><strong><span> 0.11 Relationship between<br />
knowledge<br />
and life</span></strong></strong></p>
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<p style="text-align: left;">What is the role of science in our lives?</p>
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<p><strong><span style="color: #ffffff;" data-mce-mark="1"> </span></strong></p>
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<p style="text-align: left;"><strong>Worship ideas<br /></strong> The Philosophy of Freedom does not regard the relationship between science and life in such a way that human beings must bow down before ideas and devote their powers to its service.</p>
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<p style="text-align: left;"><strong>Use ideas for human goals<br /></strong> The Philosophy of Freedom shows that we should take possession of the world of ideas to use them for our human goals.</p>
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<p><span style="color: #000000;"><strong> Analysis</strong></span></p>
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<p>Human goals go beyond those of mere science.</p>
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<p><strong><strong> 0.12 Our relationship<br />
to ideas</strong></strong></p>
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<p style="text-align: left;">What is our relationship to ideas?</p>
<p style="text-align: center;"></p>
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<p><strong> </strong></p>
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<p style="text-align: left;"><strong>Bondage to ideas</strong><br />
Become the slave of ideas.</p>
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<p style="text-align: left;"><strong>Master of ideas<br /></strong> One must be able to confront an idea as master; otherwise one will fall into its bondage.</p>
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<p><strong><strong><strong><strong><strong><span data-mce-mark="1"> <span>Analysis</span></span></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></p>
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<p style="text-align: left;"> End of chapter</p>
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